Yes, a marker signal (a clicker, a word, any sound, anything) can be turned into a conditioned reinforcer (or punisher) when it's paired with a primary reinforcer. (punisher) This concept is old as dirt and proven to be the way all animals learn. Grab the leash=dog gets excited for a walk. There's no inherent value in grabbing the leash, but there is in going for a walk. Open the can of food=dog (or cat) gets happy....dinner time. Opening the can has no value, but the food does. Your alarm clock goes off early in the morning and you go, "ugggggg!" There's nothing so horrible about the alarm clock but it means that you have to get up which you may not want to do. The popsicle man's truck comes around the neighborhood with it's familiar music playing and all the kids come running out to the road. The truck isn't so great in itself and the music is awful. LOL. But the truck means delicious treats are on the way. All these things exist in every animal's day to day life and ARE the way we all learn. There's no need to risk the damaging fall out that shock collars can bring on when you have the tools right there naturally to train a dog. Yes, pain and punishment are also how we learn. It's just that we're walking on thin ice when we mess with a dog's psyche that way. There have been many dogs damaged by their use to varying degrees whether used "correctly" or not. I don't know how shocking a dog can be construed as correct. But yeah, it's everyone's personal choice.
The people I've known with well trained dogs used the concepts described. BTW....clickers (also called toy crickets) I played with when I was a kid...a long time ago. They've actually been around since the days of BF Skinner. He actually recommended their use in training dogs way back then.
If you muffle the sound of the clicker (wrap cotton around it) or get one of those ones with volume control (I have one) or if it's still too loud, use a ball point pen with a little button on top. Pair it...follow the sound with something your dog loves. Do it over and over in one sitting. And I bet the farm that he'll come to love the sound and stop growling at you. UNLESS.....you're clicking when he growls. You may have inadvertently trained in this growling. Make sure there are a few seconds of quiet before clicking.